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Mathabarsingh Thapa
First prime minister of Nepal

Mathabar Singh Thapa listenⓘ was the Prime Minister of Nepal and the Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese Army from 25 December 1843 – 17 May 1845, until he was murdered by his nephew Jung Bahadur Rana. He was the first Mukhtiyar to title himself as a prime minister, as per the British convention. He was the nephew of Bhimsen Thapa, who was sentenced to prison after falsely being accused of killing King Rajendra's six months old son. Mathabar Singh Thapa fled to Shimla after the execution of Bhimsen Thapa, to avoid his own execution as he was Bhimsen's nephew. Four years later, the second queen of Rajendra, Queen Rajya Lakshmi, called him back and installed him as the Mukhtiyar, paving the way for him to eventually title himself as the Prime Minister. Mathabar Singh, however, enraged the queen by refusing to make her son, Ranendra Bikram, the king. The queen, in turn, had him shot by his own nephew Janga Bahadur Rana and thereby making him the last dynast of the Thapa dynasty.

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Birth

Further information: Thapa dynasty

Not much is known of Mathabar Singh Thapa's childhood. He was born in Borlang, Gorkha. He was the son of Kaji Nayan Singh Thapa who was killed in the war against the Kingdom of Kangra. He was a nephew of Bhimsen Thapa and also the maternal uncle of Jang Bahadur Rana.6 Through his mother's side, he was the grandson of Kaji Ranajit Pande, who was the son of Kaji Tularam Pande.7 Kaji Tularam Pande was a cousin of Kaji Kalu Pande.

Early years

Failed mission to Britain

A royal letter was received from the Maharaja Ranjit Singh, ruler of Sikh Empire in Punjab, addressed to King Rajendra. The Nepalese court seized this opportunity to establish diplomatic contact with Punjab as well as other states such as Burma and Gwalior.8 In April 1835, Bhimsen Thapa, hoping to force Britain to acknowledge the sovereignty of Nepal, chose his nephew Colonel Mathabar Singh Thapa as the representative of Nepal, bearing a few gifts and a letter from King Rajendra addressed to King William IV.91011 The idea was initially received favorably by Brian Houghton Hodgson as well as the Governor-General, who hoped that the mission could increase the trust between the two nations.12 In this process, Mathabar Singh was promoted to Chota General; Ranbir Singh Thapa, the governor of Palpa, was made Full General; and Mathabar's nephew, the sixteen-year-old Sherjung Thapa, was made Commanding Colonel.13 Both Rajendra and Samrajya Laxmi were also pleased with this plan, and on 1 November 1835, Bhimsen was conferred the title of Commander-in-Chief.1415 On 27 November 1835, Mathabar Singh left Kathmandu with a retinue of two thousand men, including 200 officers and 600 soldiers, for London via Calcutta.1617

Mathabar was given a grand welcome in Calcutta by the acting Governor-General Charles Metcalfe; and while there, Mathabar started to indulge in needless luxuries and show offs.18 Meanwhile, Hodgson sent a secret letter to Metcalfe asking him not to allow Mathabar to make a state visit to Britain.19 Hence, Metcalfe was only willing to grant him the visa of an ordinary traveler, and not the diplomatic visa of a state representative. Mathabar thus returned to Nepal in March 1836, having wasted a vast sum of money, without accomplishing any of his goals.2021 The deliberate sabotage of Mathabar's mission was Hodgson's diplomatic attack against Bhimsen.2223 Mathabar Singh spent a sum of one lakh and fifty thousand in Calcutta on the fruitless mission.24 Mathabar's extravagant expenditure was also heavily criticized by Queen Samrajya Lakshmi Devi, since at that time the state coffer was in dire condition; and to pacify her, Bhimsen had to reimburse the extra expenses from his own pockets.25

Poisoning Case

On 24 July 1837, Rajendra's youngest son, Devendra Bikram Shah, an infant of six months, died suddenly.2627 It was at once rumored that the child had died of poison intended for his mother the Senior Queen Samrajya Laxmi Devi: given at the instigation of Bhimsen Thapa, or someone of his party.282930 On this charge, Mathbar Singh with his family, the court physicians, Ekdev and Eksurya Upadhyay, and his deputy Bhajuman Baidya, with a few more of the nearest relatives of the Thapas were incarcerated, proclaimed outcasts, and their properties confiscated.31323334

Acquittal & Release

Fearful that the Pandes would re-establish their power, Fatte Jang Shah, Ranganath Poudel, and the Junior Queen Rajya Laxmi Devi obtained from the King the liberation of Bhimsen, Mathabar, and the rest of the party, about eight months after they were incarcerated for the poisoning case.353637 Some of their confiscated land, as well as the Bagh Durbar, was also returned. Upon his release, the soldiers loyal to Bhimsen crowded behind him in jubilation and followed him up to his house; a similar treatment was given to Mathabar Singh and Sherjung Thapa.38

Exile to India

In January 1838, King Rajendra of Nepal promoted Rana Jang Pande to the post of Commander in the armed force and his brother Karbir Pande as Kapardar ("Palace Chief Guard"). As a result, almost one hundred officers and soldiers resigned from the Singha Nath Battalion, openly calling themselves as the private followers of Mathawar Singh which showcased the popularity of Mathawar Singh in the military forces.39 Around October 1838, Ranganath Poudel, finding himself unsupported by the King, resigned from the Mukhtiyari, which was then conferred on Pushkar Shah; but Pushkar Shah was only a nominal head, and the actual authority was bestowed on Ranjang Pande.40 Sensing that a catastrophe was going to befall the Thapas, Mathabar Singh fled to India while pretending to go on a hunting trip.4142

Rise to Power

Mathabar Singh Thapa had exiled to India when Bhimsen Thapa was maliciously accused to be guilty of murdering the King Rajendra's son who was 6 months old. After assigning administrative authority to Junior Queen Rajya Laxmi Devi by King Rajendra Bikram Shah in January 1843, she immediately asked Mathabar Singh to return to Nepal, to which Mathabar Singh left Shimla to stop at Gorakhpur for detailed study of political situation of Nepal.43 Mathabar Singh's nephew Kaji Jung Bahadur Kunwar was sent to persuade his uncle after which he arrived in Kathmandu Valley in April 1843.44 Historian Balchandra Sharma writes that Mathabar Singh arrived on 17 April 1843 where a great welcome was organized for him.45 Mathawar Singh living in a public rest house, constantly urged that he would not enter his residence in Kathmandu until the framed charges against his family be released.46 In July 1843, the case was re-discussed at the Bharadari Sabha (Council) in front of King Rajendra and Queen Rajya Laxmi, where Thapa family were declared innocent and their confiscated properties were restored.47 It was also declared that the poisoning case was framed by the Kala Pandes. Mathawar Singh poisoned the already insane Rana Jang Pande after publicly disgracing him.48 He also ordered the death penalty to two brothers of Rana Jang and four other persons which included Devi Bahadur Kunwar.49 In the event, Kulachandra Shah was banished while Krishna Ram Mishra was exiled. The properties the above-mentioned persons together with other 40 persons who fled the event were confiscated.50 In November 1843, Mathabar Singh became Mukhtiyar as well as Minister and Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese Army51 by the second queen of Rajendra, Queen Rajya Laxmi who had ambitions of making her own son, Prince Ranendra as the king of Nepal, with Mathabar Singh's help.52 Though he was declared Mukhtiyar and as well as Minister and Commander-In-Chief in November 1843, his appointment letter was issued only on Aswin Badi 7, 1901 (i.e. September 1844):

Consolidation of Power

Before he was made the Minister and the Commander-In-Chief, he had led to the murder of almost all of his enemies and political adversaries. Having seen the fall of Bhimsen Thapa, he believed that having a personal army would prevent his own downfall; so he founded three regiments dedicated to him and only him. He built army barracks around his house for his personal protection. For this, he used the army like slaves, prompting the British Resident Minister Sir Henry Lawrence to advise him not to do so.53 However, too over-confident in his power, Mathabar Singh Thapa ignored him. He even claimed that he would be the first prime minister since the time of Prithvi Narayan Shah to die of old age and not out of the conspiracy. In 1845 January 4, he declared himself as the "Prime Minister of Nepal". This was the first time anyone had been titled "Prime Minister" in the history of Nepal. All the others before him were either titled as Mukhtiyar or Mul Kajis. It is believed that at that time he had become even more powerful than the King of Nepal. His power and over-influence in the Nepalese politics and even in the personal life of the monarchy itself led to the eclipse of his power and his downfall by the hands of Jang Bahadur Rana.

Downfall

When Mathabar Singh Thapa declined the Queen's request to help her make her own son king, the Queen joined those against him and plotted his downfall. But just to appease him, he was provided the title of "Prime Minister" while conspiracy to murder him was going on behind. Finally, when all the preparations for his murder were made, he was called to the Royal Palace at night, informing him incorrectly, that the Queen had been ill from some disease. Though he was warned by his own son, and his mother, he went to the palace. When he was sleeping Jang Bahadur was hiding under his bed. He was shot multiple times on his back from under the bed by Jang Bahadur Rana where he immediately died. The next day King Rajendra declared that he had himself killed Mathabar Singh Thapa accusing him of several activities that he had done to undermine his own (Rajendra's) power.54

Aftermath

The murder of Mathabar Singh Thapa led to the political instability in Nepal. Though, Fatte Jung Shah was declared the Prime Minister (1845 September 23), Gagan Singh had more regiments (7) of the army under him and was more powerful. Jung Bahadur Rana also had 3 regiments under him. Fatte Jungh Shah himself had 3 regiments of the army under his control. Also Gagan Singh had the special support of the queen Rajya Laxmi Devi. British Resident Sir Henry Lawrence once mentioned that, "If there is struggle for power, that struggle will be between Gagan Singh and Jung Bahadur."55 Ultimately, the extreme power of Gagan Singh led to him being assassinated by King Rajendra and Prime Minister Fatte Jungh Shah in 1846 September 14 at 10 P.M.. The assassination of Gagan Singh led to the Kot massacre and ultimately, the rise of Jung Bahadur Rana.

Legacy

Mathabarsingh Thapa was the first prime minister of Nepal to wear a crown. The 104 year-ruling Rana Dynasty was also related to him.

Family

He had following sons as per various sources:

Land Grants

The land grants received by Mathbar Singh Thapa on various dates were:60

NumberParticularsLocationArea (muris/bighas)Estimated Income (NRs.)61Granted Date (V.S.)
1Residential siteGanabahal, Kathmandu194.25 muris194.25Shrawan Sudi 8, 1882
2Rice fieldsLubhu, Patan261.25 muris440.81Shrawan Sudi 8, 1882
3Rice fields granted for endowment as Guthi for the Sri Bhagawati templeMadi, Palpa200.00 muris50.00Kartik Badi 3, 1891
4Land granted as Guthi for the Sri Bhimeshwar templePalpanot given62.50Falgun Badi 4, 1900
5Bartung village in Palpa, granted for endowment as

Guthi for the Sri Ambar Narayan temple

Bartung village, Palpanot given50.00Falgun Badi 4, 1900
6Waste lands adjoining Prime Minister Mathbar Singh Thapa's gardensSundhara, Kathmandu41 muris4.00Baisakh Badi 7, 1901
7Cultivated lands in the Parganna of KoradiAurahi, Mahottari200 bighas1113.11Shrawan Badi 3, 1901
8Rice-fields in BhadgaunBhaktapur, Bhaktapur district680 muris967.31Shrawan Badi 3, 1901
9Villages of Sanupalati, Thulopalati, Kipchya, Jharlang, Sindhu, Tabe and AginchokVariousnot given4,062.77Shrawan Badi 3, 1901
10Rice-fields granted for endowment as Guthi for the Sri Bhimamukteshwar templeVarious (Kathmandu, Kirtipur, Godavari)1300 muris1300Shrawan Sudi 3, 1901
11Lands in MahottariMahottari6501 bighas26,004.00Poush Sudi 5, 1901
12Thums at Chaurasi, Palanchok and various othersvariousnot given4,281.00+1619.25+599.75Poush Sudi 5, 1901
13Lands in Saptari and Bara districtsSaptari and Bara district9,001 bighas36,004.00Falgun Badi 6, 1901
14Lands in Rautahat and Bara districtsRautahat and Bara district9,644 bighas38,576.00Falgun Sudi 1, 1901
15Sikarbesi villageSikarbesi, Nuwakot districtnot given35.00Chaitra Sudi 10, 1901
16Lands granted as Birta for use as orchardTokhal and Sunthan121.5 muris1,121.50Chaitra Sudi 10, 1901
17Lands granted for endowment as GuthiKirtipur, Chobhar and Patan1000 muris1,000.00not given

Ancestry

Ancestors of Mathabarsingh Thapa
16. Vikrama Thapa
8. Bir Bhadra Thapa
4. Amar Singh Thapa (sanukaji)
2. Nain Singh Thapa
5. Satya Rupa Maya
1. Mathabar Singh Thapa
24. Valirama Pande
12. Tularam Pande
6. Ranajit Pande
3. Rana Kumari Pande

Footnotes

Notes

Sources

References

  1. Also spelled Mathbar, Mathawar, Mathavar,[2][full citation needed] additionally called Matabar Singh Thapa (Nepali: मातवरसिंह थापा).[3] ↩

  2. Mukhtiyar is translated as Chief Authority and was roughly equivalent to a Prime Minister or Head of Government. /wiki/Mukhtiyar ↩

  3. Kandel 2011, p. 10. - Kandel, Devi Prasad (2011), Pre-Rana Administrative System, Chitwan: Siddhababa Offset Press, p. 95 ↩

  4. His coronation of Premiership was the first in Nepal thereby making him the First Prime Minister and Commander-in-chief of Nepal as many of his predecessors bore the same position but not the title. ↩

  5. Acharya, Baburam (2000) [2057 B.S.]. Aba Yesto Kailei Nahos. Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan. /wiki/Kathmandu ↩

  6. JBR, PurushottamShamsher (1990). Shree Teen Haruko Tathya Britanta (in Nepali). Bhotahity, Kathmandu: Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar. ISBN 99933-39-91-1. 99933-39-91-1 ↩

  7. JBR, PurushottamShamsher (1990). Shree Teen Haruko Tathya Britanta (in Nepali). Bhotahity, Kathmandu: Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar. ISBN 99933-39-91-1. 99933-39-91-1 ↩

  8. Acharya 2012, p. 152. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  9. Nepal 2007, p. 104. - Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857 ↩

  10. Rana 1988, p. 18. - Rana, Rukmani (April–May 1988), "B.H. Hogson as a factor for the fall of Bhimsen Thapa" (PDF), Ancient Nepal (105), Kathmandu: 13–20, retrieved Jan 11, 2013 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_105_03.pdf ↩

  11. Acharya 2012, pp. 152–153. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  12. Rana 1988, p. 18. - Rana, Rukmani (April–May 1988), "B.H. Hogson as a factor for the fall of Bhimsen Thapa" (PDF), Ancient Nepal (105), Kathmandu: 13–20, retrieved Jan 11, 2013 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_105_03.pdf ↩

  13. Acharya 2012, pp. 152–153. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  14. Acharya 2012, p. 153. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  15. Nepal 2007, p. 104. - Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857 ↩

  16. Acharya 2012, p. 153. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  17. Rana 1988, p. 19. - Rana, Rukmani (April–May 1988), "B.H. Hogson as a factor for the fall of Bhimsen Thapa" (PDF), Ancient Nepal (105), Kathmandu: 13–20, retrieved Jan 11, 2013 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_105_03.pdf ↩

  18. Acharya 2012, pp. 153–154. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  19. Acharya 2012, p. 154. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  20. Nepal 2007, p. 104. - Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857 ↩

  21. Acharya 2012, p. 154. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  22. Rana 1988, p. 19. - Rana, Rukmani (April–May 1988), "B.H. Hogson as a factor for the fall of Bhimsen Thapa" (PDF), Ancient Nepal (105), Kathmandu: 13–20, retrieved Jan 11, 2013 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_105_03.pdf ↩

  23. Acharya 2012, p. 154. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  24. Pradhan 2012, p. 150. - Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132 https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC&q=the+assassination+of+rana+bahadur+shah ↩

  25. Acharya 2012, p. 156. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  26. Acharya 2012, p. 158. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  27. Nepal 2007, p. 105. - Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857 ↩

  28. Nepal 2007, p. 105. - Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857 ↩

  29. Acharya 2012, p. 159. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  30. Whelpton 2004, pp. 28–29. - Whelpton, John (2004), "The Political Role of Brian Hodgson", in Waterhouse, David (ed.), Origins of Himalayan Studies: Brian Houghton Hodgson in Nepal and Darjeeling, Royal Asiatic Society Books (1 ed.), Taylor & Francis, p. 320, ISBN 9781134383634 https://books.google.com/books?id=4eR_AgAAQBAJ&q=Origins+of+Himalayan+Studies%3A+Brian+Houghton+Hodgson+in+Nepal+and+Darjeeling+bhimsen+thapa&pg=PA27 ↩

  31. Nepal 2007, p. 105. - Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857 ↩

  32. Acharya 2012, p. 159. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  33. Acharya 1971, p. 13. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  34. Oldfield 1880, p. 310. - Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880), Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1, vol. 1, London: W.H. Allan & Co. https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromnipa01oldf ↩

  35. Oldfield 1880, p. 311. - Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880), Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1, vol. 1, London: W.H. Allan & Co. https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromnipa01oldf ↩

  36. Nepal 2007, p. 109. - Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857 ↩

  37. Acharya 2012, p. 161. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  38. Pradhan 2012, p. 164. - Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132 https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC&q=the+assassination+of+rana+bahadur+shah ↩

  39. Pradhan 2012, p. 165. - Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132 https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC&q=the+assassination+of+rana+bahadur+shah ↩

  40. Oldfield 1880, p. 313. - Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880), Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1, vol. 1, London: W.H. Allan & Co. https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromnipa01oldf ↩

  41. Acharya 2012, p. 161. - Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748 ↩

  42. Nepal 2007, p. 110. - Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857 ↩

  43. Acharya 1971, p. 17. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  44. Acharya 1971, p. 17. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  45. Sharma, Balchandra (1976–1977) [2033 B.S]. Nepal ko Aitehasik Rooprekha. Varanasi: Krishna Kumari Devi. p. 295. /wiki/Varanasi ↩

  46. Acharya 1971, p. 17. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  47. Acharya 1971, p. 17. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  48. Acharya 1971, p. 17. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  49. Acharya 1971, p. 17. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  50. Acharya 1971, p. 17. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  51. Acharya 1971, p. 17. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  52. Acharya 1971, p. 18. - Acharya, Baburam (1971), "The Fall of Bhimsen Thapa and The Rise of Jang Bahadur Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 3, Kathmandu: 214–219 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf ↩

  53. Indo-Nepalese Relations: 1816 to 1877. Delhi: S. Chand and Co. 1968. p. 228. https://books.google.com/books?id=qF1qGlR2ywoC ↩

  54. Acharya, Baburam (2000) [2057 B.S.]. Aba Yesto Kailei Nahos. Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan. /wiki/Kathmandu ↩

  55. Edwards, Herbert (1873). Life of Sir Henry Lawrence, Part II. London: Smith Elder and Co. p. 470. /wiki/London ↩

  56. Shrestha, Shree Krishna (1996) "Jangabahadura"; Kathmandu ↩

  57. Shaha, R. (1990). 1769-1885. Manohar. ISBN 9788185425030. Retrieved 2017-09-11. 9788185425030 ↩

  58. Regmi 1976b, p. 99. - Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (May 1, 1976b), "Jagir lands of Prime Minister Mathbar Singh Thapa and his sons" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 8 (5), Kathmandu: 99 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_08.pdf ↩

  59. Regmi 1976b, p. 99. - Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (May 1, 1976b), "Jagir lands of Prime Minister Mathbar Singh Thapa and his sons" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 8 (5), Kathmandu: 99 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_08.pdf ↩

  60. Regmi 1976a, pp. 46–49. - Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (March 1, 1976a), "Birta lands of Mathbar Singh Thapa" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 8 (3), Kathmandu: 46–49 http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_08.pdf ↩

  61. The figure in the journal shows Rs./Aana as used in ancient monetary measurements in Nepal. 1 Aana was equivalent to 1⁄16th of Nepalese Rupee. Similar to Indian Anna.[39] /wiki/Nepalese_Rupee ↩